Standards & Frameworks

The core protocols for quantifying and reporting corporate and product emissions — the GHG Protocol suite, ISO 14064 and the IPCC inventory guidelines.

The climate science that fixes global warming potentials and conversion factors, drawn from the IPCC Assessment Reports.

The published datasets and national factor sets our calculators draw on — DEFRA, EPA eGRID, Ember, ecoinvent, ÖKOBAUDAT and more.

Standards for product life-cycle assessment and Environmental Product Declarations, including ISO 14040/44, ISO 14067 and EN 15804.

Frameworks for embodied and whole-life carbon in buildings and infrastructure — RICS, PAS 2080, BS EN 15978 and CRREM.

Carbon and efficiency standards for data centres, software and digital services — PUE, ASHRAE, ISO/IEC 30134 and the SWD model.

Mandatory and voluntary climate-disclosure regimes — CSRD/ESRS, IFRS S1/S2, TCFD, the SEC rules, GRI and national equivalents.

Emissions-trading schemes, carbon taxes, border adjustments and the scenarios used to model transition risk.

Standards for carbon credits, offset claims and neutrality — Verra, Gold Standard, ICVCM, VCMI and ISO 14068.

Frameworks for setting and validating science-based targets and renewable-energy procurement, led by SBTi and RE100.

The PCAF standards for the emissions financed, facilitated and insured by financial institutions.

Sector-specific accounting frameworks for aviation, shipping, logistics, events, hospitality and recycling.

Environmental and energy management systems, plus the rules on fluorinated gases and methane — ISO 14001/50001, Kigali, F-Gas and OGMP 2.0.