Hubs

A dairy cow emits more greenhouse gas from digestion than a car in a year — as methane. Size on-farm sources: enteric fermentation, manure and soil N₂O.

For most companies the emissions that matter aren’t controlled. Size the value-chain categories — purchased and capital goods, use of sold products.

A cement kiln on green power still emits ~0.5t CO₂ per tonne of clinker. Size process emissions — calcination, reaction, smelting: chemistry, not fuel.

A kilogram of R-410a leaking equals six months of driving — Scope 1, fugitive, the source most first inventories miss. Estimate gas mass leaked × its GWP.

A sector template reaches a product footprint faster — boundary, allocation, end-of-life choices are pre-made. Know what it chose, and when to change it.

Two analysts, one product, footprints that differ 3× — both defensible. A footprint is a set of declared choices, boundary and allocation, before a number.

A material figure is what a product cost to make; a whole-building assessment asks what it costs across 60 years. Model EN 15978 modules A to D, honestly.

The embodied carbon of concrete, steel or timber is the easy part — the EN 15804 boundary attached to the figure is where structural estimates go wrong.

The estate under your digital footprint holds most of the carbon: facility PUE, device embodied carbon, cloud storage and hardware end-of-life.

Unlike a website, this electricity is metered. What’s contested is per what — per training run, query or transaction. Size AI, cloud and crypto carbon.