GreenCalculusGet a free key

  1. Home
  2. Factors
  3. Renewable Generation Reference Values
Last reviewed September 2026

Renewable Generation Reference Values

71 reference values for renewable generation held in the GreenCalculus MasterBrain, drawn from 3 named sources, each listed with its publisher and licence under Sources below. Values are read live from the data layer on every page build. They span 2 units of measurement, which is why the spread below is reported per unit and never blended.

Where these factors are used

Renewable Carbon Payback sets out how these values are applied, and Solar & PPA Carbon Payback Calculator and PCAF Project Finance Calculator draw on them directly. Specific yield is what turns an installed capacity into an annual generation figure, so it sits upstream of every payback and avoided-emissions estimate on the site.

What this page does not carry

The data layer also holds life-cycle emission intensities and embodied-carbon figures for solar and wind — the grams of CO2e per kWh a panel or turbine carries before it generates anything. Those come from IEA-PVPS Task 12 and IPCC AR5 Working Group III, both of which permit citation but not republication as a table, so 13 rows are withheld here. They are named in the methodology pages that use them, and the calculators read them directly from the data layer. This page carries the 22 rows whose sources permit republication: World Bank Global Solar Atlas and NREL.

What this group contains

What this group contains
MeasureValue
Factors71
Publishers3
Distinct units2
Data versionMasterBrain v2026.284 · updated 2026-11-06
Spread of values, by unit — computed from the 71 factors in this group
UnitFactorsLowestMedianHighest
kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)6991713741826

Figures are computed per unit and never blended: a median across different units would be arithmetically valid and physically meaningless. 1 further unit in this group has fewer than 3 factors and is counted above but not described.

What has changed

Sources, citation & machine access

Where these factors come from
SourcePublisherYearLicence
Photovoltaic Degradation Rates - An Analytical ReviewDirk C. Jordan & Sarah R. Kurtz - National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Progress in Photovoltaics, 2013 (rev.)2013NREL / public domain (US government work)
Global Photovoltaic Power Potential by CountryWorld Bank / ESMAP, prepared by Solargis (Global Solar Atlas 2.0), 20202020CC BY 4.0 (World Bank / ESMAP / Solargis)
PVWatts Calculator API, version 8National Laboratory of the Rockies (formerly NREL), PVWatts v8 web API with NSRDB TMY weather data2026US DOE national laboratory web service; model outputs cited with attribution

Cite the upstream publisher for the values themselves. The reference below credits this compilation and, more usefully, pins the edition you read.

GreenCalculus. (2026). Renewable Generation Reference Values (MasterBrain v2026.284). Numbers Publishing Pte. Ltd. https://greencalculus.com/factors/renewable-generation-reference-values/

Cite this factor group

Values change between editions. Quoting the MasterBrain version is what lets a reader resolve the exact number you used. See the change record above for factors in this group that have moved.

For a reference manager, in BibTeX then RIS:

@misc{greencalculus_renewable_generation_2026,
  author       = {{GreenCalculus}},
  title        = {Renewable Generation Reference Values},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {GreenCalculus},
  publisher    = {Numbers Publishing Pte. Ltd.},
  note         = {MasterBrain v2026.284},
  url          = {https://greencalculus.com/factors/renewable-generation-reference-values/}
}
TY  - DATA
AU  - GreenCalculus
TI  - Renewable Generation Reference Values
PY  - 2026
DB  - GreenCalculus
PB  - Numbers Publishing Pte. Ltd.
ET  - MasterBrain v2026.284
UR  - https://greencalculus.com/factors/renewable-generation-reference-values/
ER  - 

Every factor on this page is readable from the open endpoint. No key, no signup:

https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/renewable_generation
curl -s "https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/renewable_generation?limit=500"
import requests
rows = requests.get("https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/renewable_generation", params={"limit": 500}).json()["factors"]
print(len(rows), "factors in renewable_generation")

The endpoint returns 6 more rows than this table: rows this page deliberately leaves out.

Or the same rows as a spreadsheet, with every factor's source, the edition it last changed in, and its own link:

https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors-export?page=renewable-generation-reference-values

Download this table as CSV

Both responses carry an X-GC-Version header, so a consumer can detect a new edition without diffing the payload. The CSV filename carries the edition too, so two downloads months apart do not collide.

All factors

Renewable Generation: Reference — 71 factors
FactorValueUnitSourceLast changedCanonical key
Rooftop solar PV annual output degradation rate0.5percent per yearNREL_PV_DEGRADATION_JORDAN_KURTZJordan & Kurtz (2016) NREL - median 0.5%/yr; IEA-PVPS methodology uses 0.7%/yr (conservative)—renewable_generation.reference.degradation_pct.solar_pv_rooftop
Utility solar PV annual output degradation rate0.5percent per yearNREL_PV_DEGRADATION_JORDAN_KURTZJordan & Kurtz (2016) NREL - median 0.5%/yr; IEA-PVPS methodology uses 0.7%/yr (conservative)—renewable_generation.reference.degradation_pct.solar_pv_utility
Solar PV specific yield - Australia (practical average)1718kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row AUS Australia: 4.707 × 365 = 1,718 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.aus
Solar PV specific yield - Brazil (practical average)1607kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row BRA Brazil: 4.404 × 365 = 1,607 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.bra
Solar PV specific yield - Canada (practical average)1393kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row CAN Canada: 3.816 × 365 = 1,393 kWh/kWp/year; evaluated up to parallel 60°N—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.can
Solar PV specific yield - China (practical average)1417kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row CHN China: 3.882 × 365 = 1,417 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.chn
Solar PV specific yield - Germany (practical average)1081kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row DEU Germany: 2.961 × 365 = 1,081 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.deu
Solar PV specific yield - Spain (practical average)1611kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row ESP Spain: 4.413 × 365 = 1,611 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.esp
Solar PV specific yield - France (practical average)1236kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row FRA France: 3.386 × 365 = 1,236 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.fra
Solar PV specific yield - United Kingdom (practical average)954kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row GBR United Kingdom: 2.613 × 365 = 954 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.gbr
Solar PV specific yield - India (practical average)1578kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row IND India: 4.322 × 365 = 1,578 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.ind
Solar PV specific yield - Ireland (practical average)917kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row IRL Ireland: 2.513 × 365 = 917 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.irl
Solar PV specific yield - Italy (practical average)1457kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row ITA Italy: 3.993 × 365 = 1,457 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.ita
Solar PV specific yield - Japan (practical average)1258kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row JPN Japan: 3.446 × 365 = 1,258 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.jpn
Solar PV specific yield - Netherlands (practical average)1046kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row NLD Netherlands: 2.865 × 365 = 1,046 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.nld
Solar PV specific yield - Norway (practical average)1008kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row NOR Norway: 2.761 × 365 = 1,008 kWh/kWp/year; evaluated up to parallel 60°N—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.nor
Solar PV specific yield - Poland (practical average)1089kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row POL Poland: 2.984 × 365 = 1,089 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.pol
Solar PV specific yield - Sweden (practical average)1036kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row SWE Sweden: 2.837 × 365 = 1,036 kWh/kWp/year; evaluated up to parallel 60°N—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.swe
Solar PV specific yield - United States (national) (practical average)1591kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row USA United States of America: 4.3584 × 365 = 1,591 kWh/kWp/year; evaluated up to parallel 60°N—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa
Solar PV specific yield - Alaska (reference city Anchorage, PVWatts v8)921kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 921.070 kWh for lat 61.22, lon -149.90; weather NSRDB PSM V4 Polar tmy-2023 1.0.0, station 3674691 at 1737 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ak.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ak
Solar PV specific yield - Alabama (reference city Huntsville, PVWatts v8)1374kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1374.410 kWh for lat 34.73, lon -86.59; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 924839 at 908 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/al.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.al
Solar PV specific yield - Arkansas (reference city Little Rock, PVWatts v8)1412kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1411.658 kWh for lat 34.75, lon -92.29; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 797515 at 2414 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ar.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ar
Solar PV specific yield - Arizona (reference city Phoenix, PVWatts v8)1753kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1753.471 kWh for lat 33.45, lon -112.07; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 78206 at 923 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/az.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.az
Solar PV specific yield - California (reference city Los Angeles, PVWatts v8)1676kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1675.537 kWh for lat 34.05, lon -118.24; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 83556 at 1832 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ca.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ca
Solar PV specific yield - Colorado (reference city Denver, PVWatts v8)1594kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1593.523 kWh for lat 39.74, lon -104.99; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 484137 at 1405 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/co.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.co
Solar PV specific yield - Connecticut (reference city Bridgeport, PVWatts v8)1339kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1339.195 kWh for lat 41.19, lon -73.20; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1269746 at 2789 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ct.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ct
Solar PV specific yield - District of Columbia (reference city Washington, PVWatts v8)1410kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1409.503 kWh for lat 38.91, lon -77.04; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1143715 at 2824 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/dc.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.dc
Solar PV specific yield - Delaware (reference city Wilmington, PVWatts v8)1362kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1362.372 kWh for lat 39.74, lon -75.55; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1195005 at 1406 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/de.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.de
Solar PV specific yield - Florida (reference city Jacksonville, PVWatts v8)1453kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1453.424 kWh for lat 30.33, lon -81.66; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1027551 at 0 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/fl.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.fl
Solar PV specific yield - Georgia (reference city Atlanta, PVWatts v8)1400kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1400.352 kWh for lat 33.75, lon -84.39; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 970331 at 2416 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ga.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ga
Solar PV specific yield - Hawaii (reference city Honolulu, PVWatts v8)1620kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1620.091 kWh for lat 21.31, lon -157.86; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 17573 at 2159 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/hi.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.hi
Solar PV specific yield - Iowa (reference city Des Moines, PVWatts v8)1368kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1368.446 kWh for lat 41.59, lon -93.62; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 770504 at 2238 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ia.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ia
Solar PV specific yield - Idaho (reference city Boise, PVWatts v8)1455kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1454.846 kWh for lat 43.62, lon -116.20; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 192942 at 1956 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/id.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.id
Solar PV specific yield - Illinois (reference city Chicago, PVWatts v8)1307kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1307.249 kWh for lat 41.88, lon -87.63; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 903523 at 1389 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/il.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.il
Solar PV specific yield - Indiana (reference city Indianapolis, PVWatts v8)1334kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1333.822 kWh for lat 39.77, lon -86.16; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 933061 at 1697 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/in.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.in
Solar PV specific yield - Kansas (reference city Wichita, PVWatts v8)1525kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1524.661 kWh for lat 37.69, lon -97.34; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 689106 at 0 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ks.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ks
Solar PV specific yield - Kentucky (reference city Louisville, PVWatts v8)1354kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1353.925 kWh for lat 38.25, lon -85.76; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 941370 at 1733 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ky.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ky
Solar PV specific yield - Louisiana (reference city New Orleans, PVWatts v8)1477kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1477.351 kWh for lat 29.95, lon -90.07; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 847901 at 2419 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/la.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.la
Solar PV specific yield - Massachusetts (reference city Boston, PVWatts v8)1301kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1300.660 kWh for lat 42.36, lon -71.06; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1340489 at 1117 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ma.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ma
Solar PV specific yield - Maryland (reference city Baltimore, PVWatts v8)1391kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1390.548 kWh for lat 39.29, lon -76.61; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1157753 at 854 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/md.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.md
Solar PV specific yield - Maine (reference city Portland, PVWatts v8)1317kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1317.347 kWh for lat 43.66, lon -70.26; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1366081 at 1115 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/me.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.me
Solar PV specific yield - Michigan (reference city Detroit, PVWatts v8)1289kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1289.369 kWh for lat 42.33, lon -83.05; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 998132 at 818 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/mi.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.mi
Solar PV specific yield - Minnesota (reference city Minneapolis, PVWatts v8)1332kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1331.675 kWh for lat 44.98, lon -93.27; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 778153 at 1363 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/mn.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.mn
Solar PV specific yield - Missouri (reference city Kansas City, PVWatts v8)1431kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1431.305 kWh for lat 39.10, lon -94.58; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 751490 at 1120 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/mo.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.mo
Solar PV specific yield - Mississippi (reference city Jackson, PVWatts v8)1412kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1412.219 kWh for lat 32.30, lon -90.18; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 844989 at 1114 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ms.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ms
Solar PV specific yield - Montana (reference city Billings, PVWatts v8)1343kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1342.604 kWh for lat 45.78, lon -108.50; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 219172 at 1110 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/mt.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.mt
Solar PV specific yield - North Carolina (reference city Charlotte, PVWatts v8)1445kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1445.110 kWh for lat 35.23, lon -80.84; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1044586 at 2875 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/nc.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.nc
Solar PV specific yield - North Dakota (reference city Fargo, PVWatts v8)1293kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1292.666 kWh for lat 46.88, lon -96.79; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 702419 at 1345 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/nd.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.nd
Solar PV specific yield - Nebraska (reference city Omaha, PVWatts v8)1422kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1422.100 kWh for lat 41.26, lon -95.94; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 721558 at 1119 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ne.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ne
Solar PV specific yield - New Hampshire (reference city Manchester, PVWatts v8)1257kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1257.273 kWh for lat 42.99, lon -71.45; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1326430 at 2376 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/nh.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.nh
Solar PV specific yield - New Jersey (reference city Newark, PVWatts v8)1304kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1304.230 kWh for lat 40.74, lon -74.17; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1238539 at 1398 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/nj.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.nj
Solar PV specific yield - New Mexico (reference city Albuquerque, PVWatts v8)1777kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1777.388 kWh for lat 35.08, lon -106.65; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 94139 at 1438 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/nm.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.nm
Solar PV specific yield - Nevada (reference city Las Vegas, PVWatts v8)1751kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1750.873 kWh for lat 36.17, lon -115.14; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 105130 at 0 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/nv.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.nv
Solar PV specific yield - New York (reference city New York City, PVWatts v8)1290kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1290.142 kWh for lat 40.71, lon -74.01; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1244690 at 2391 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ny.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ny
Solar PV specific yield - Ohio (reference city Columbus, PVWatts v8)1309kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1308.696 kWh for lat 39.96, lon -83.00; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 998885 at 2030 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/oh.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.oh
Solar PV specific yield - Oklahoma (reference city Oklahoma City, PVWatts v8)1526kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1525.816 kWh for lat 35.47, lon -97.52; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 684478 at 2872 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ok.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ok
Solar PV specific yield - Oregon (reference city Portland, PVWatts v8)1127kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1126.848 kWh for lat 45.52, lon -122.68; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 215937 at 1917 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/or.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.or
Solar PV specific yield - Pennsylvania (reference city Philadelphia, PVWatts v8)1358kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1358.022 kWh for lat 39.95, lon -75.17; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1206596 at 2395 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/pa.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.pa
Solar PV specific yield - Rhode Island (reference city Providence, PVWatts v8)1292kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1292.389 kWh for lat 41.82, lon -71.41; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1327951 at 1389 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ri.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ri
Solar PV specific yield - South Carolina (reference city Charleston, PVWatts v8)1453kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1452.779 kWh for lat 32.78, lon -79.93; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1066024 at 1453 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/sc.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.sc
Solar PV specific yield - South Dakota (reference city Sioux Falls, PVWatts v8)1408kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1407.635 kWh for lat 43.54, lon -96.73; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 703123 at 1375 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/sd.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.sd
Solar PV specific yield - Tennessee (reference city Nashville, PVWatts v8)1337kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1337.231 kWh for lat 36.16, lon -86.78; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 920545 at 1119 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/tn.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.tn
Solar PV specific yield - Texas (reference city Houston, PVWatts v8)1420kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1420.087 kWh for lat 29.76, lon -95.37; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 734232 at 1471 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/tx.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.tx
Solar PV specific yield - Utah (reference city Salt Lake City, PVWatts v8)1482kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1482.184 kWh for lat 40.76, lon -111.89; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 158327 at 1398 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/ut.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.ut
Solar PV specific yield - Virginia (reference city Virginia Beach, PVWatts v8)1426kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1426.017 kWh for lat 36.85, lon -75.98; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1180419 at 0 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/va.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.va
Solar PV specific yield - Vermont (reference city Burlington, PVWatts v8)1220kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1220.375 kWh for lat 44.48, lon -73.21; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1269696 at 1367 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/vt.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.vt
Solar PV specific yield - Washington (reference city Seattle, PVWatts v8)1087kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1086.863 kWh for lat 47.61, lon -122.33; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 241108 at 756 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/wa.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.wa
Solar PV specific yield - Wisconsin (reference city Milwaukee, PVWatts v8)1333kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1332.931 kWh for lat 43.04, lon -87.91; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 897231 at 1379 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/wi.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.wi
Solar PV specific yield - West Virginia (reference city Charleston, PVWatts v8)1231kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1230.514 kWh for lat 38.35, lon -81.63; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 1028163 at 2402 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/wv.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.wv
Solar PV specific yield - Wyoming (reference city Cheyenne, PVWatts v8)1532kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)NREL_PVWATTS_V8PVWatts API v8.5.0 response outputs.ac_annual = 1531.516 kWh for lat 41.14, lon -104.82; weather NSRDB PSM V3 GOES tmy-2020 3.2.0, station 488884 at 1119 m; raw response handoffs/phase-80-pvwatts-state-yield/raw/wy.json—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.usa.state.wy
Solar PV specific yield - South Africa (practical average)1826kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation)WORLDBANK_GSA_SOLARGIS_2020World Bank data catalog 0038379, solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx, sheet 'Country indicators', column 'Average practical potential (PVOUT Level 1, kWh/kWp/day), long-term', row ZAF South Africa: 5.004 × 365 = 1,826 kWh/kWp/year—renewable_generation.reference.specific_yield.zaf

Last changed names the data-layer edition in which a factor last took a new value, reconstructed from every released edition since v2025.13. A dash means the value has not moved since tracking began, which is the answer to "is the figure I used last year still current?".

Common questions

71 factors. They are read live from the GreenCalculus data layer on every page build rather than re-typed, so the figures here are the same ones the calculators use. They come from 3 named sources, each listed with its publisher and licence in the Sources section above.

Not without checking the unit first. This group spans 2 different units of measurement, the most common being kWh per kWp per year (first-year, pre-degradation). A factor is only meaningful against the activity data its unit describes, which is why the spread on this page is reported per unit and never blended into a single average.

None of the 71 factors here has changed value since tracking began. The Last-changed column shows a dash against every row for that reason. Change history is reconstructed from every released edition of the data layer, so a revaluation would appear there.

Every row has its own link. Click the canonical key in the last column and the address bar will hold an anchor for that one factor, so a citation resolves to the number itself rather than to a table someone has to search. Quote the data-layer edition alongside it (currently v2026.284) — values change between editions, and the version is what lets a reader resolve the exact figure you used.

Yes. This group is readable from an open endpoint with no key and no signup: https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/renewable_generation. It returns 6 more rows than this page shows: rows the page deliberately leaves out. Responses carry an X-GC-Version header so a consumer can detect a new edition without diffing the payload. Cite the upstream publisher for the values themselves.

Scroll to Top