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Last reviewed August 2026
Authored by Jeremiah Say

Lead Systems Architect at GreenCalculus. Translates GHG Protocol methodology into high-precision JavaScript calculation engines. Architect of the MasterBrain data layer covering 1,000+ environmental tools, aligned with IPCC AR6 and the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard (2026 revision).

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Australia Emission Factors

37 emission factors for Australia, gathered from 5 parts of the GreenCalculus MasterBrain — fuel combustion (18), mobile combustion (16), carbon pricing (1), grid electricity intensity (1) and transmission and distribution losses (1) — so figures normally spread across separate reference pages sit on one. Drawn from World Bank Carbon Pricing Dashboard — compliance instruments (ETSs and carbon taxes): design, GHG coverage and price, per State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025, National Greenhouse Accounts Factors 2025, Ember Yearly Electricity Data (2025 release) and World Bank Open Data — Indicator EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS: Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output) and read live from the data layer on every page build. They span 8 units of measurement, which is why the spread below is reported per unit and never blended.

Where these factors also appear

Each factor here also appears on the reference page for its own family — Fuel Combustion Emission Factors, Mobile Combustion Emission Factors, Carbon Price Reference Values, Grid Electricity Carbon-Intensity Factors by Country and Grid Transmission & Distribution Loss Factors — where it sits alongside every other country. This page is the same data cut to one country, for when that is the question being asked.

What this group contains

What this group contains
MeasureValue
Factors37
Publishers4
Distinct units8
Data versionMB v2026.110 · updated 2026-08-08
Spread of values, by unit — computed from the 37 factors in this group
UnitFactorsLowestMedianHighest
kg CO2e per litre151.303712.591632.94495
kg CO2e per kWh90.1855080.2487960.324864
kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)80.21960.2531160.267048

Figures are computed per unit and never blended: a median across different units would be arithmetically valid and physically meaningless. 5 further units in this group have fewer than 3 factors and are counted above but not described.

What has changed

Sources, citation & machine access

Where these factors come from
SourcePublisherYearLicence
World Bank Carbon Pricing Dashboard — compliance instruments (ETSs and carbon taxes): design, GHG coverage and price, per State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025World Bank Group (Climate Change Group), Carbon Pricing Dashboard2025CC BY 4.0 — World Bank Open Data
National Greenhouse Accounts Factors 2025Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCCEEW), Australian Government2025Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Ember Yearly Electricity Data (2025 release)Ember Climate2025CC BY 4.0
World Bank Open Data — Indicator EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS: Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output)World Bank Group (compiled from IEA Statistics + national grid operators)2024CC BY 4.0 — World Bank Open Data

Cite the upstream publisher for the values themselves. The reference below credits this compilation and, more usefully, pins the edition you read.

Say, Jeremiah (2026). Australia Emission Factors (MasterBrain v2026.110). GreenCalculus. https://greencalculus.com/factors/australia-emission-factors/

Cite this factor group

Values change between editions. Quoting the MasterBrain version is what lets a reader resolve the exact number you used — see the change record above for factors in this group that have moved.

For a reference manager — BibTeX, then RIS:

@misc{greencalculus__2026,
  author       = {Say, Jeremiah},
  title        = {Australia Emission Factors},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {GreenCalculus},
  note         = {MasterBrain v2026.110},
  url          = {https://greencalculus.com/factors/australia-emission-factors/}
}
TY  - DATA
AU  - Say, Jeremiah
TI  - Australia Emission Factors
PY  - 2026
PB  - GreenCalculus
ET  - MasterBrain v2026.110
UR  - https://greencalculus.com/factors/australia-emission-factors/
ER  - 

Every factor on this page is readable from the open endpoint. No key, no signup:

https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/
curl -s "https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/?limit=500"
import requests
rows = requests.get("https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/", params={"limit": 500}).json()["factors"]
print(len(rows), "factors in ")

Or the same rows as a spreadsheet — every factor with its source, the edition it last changed in, and its own link:

https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors-export?page=australia-emission-factors

Download this table as CSV

Both responses carry an X-GC-Version header, so a consumer can detect a new edition without diffing the payload. The CSV filename carries the edition too, so two downloads months apart do not collide.

All factors

Carbon Pricing — 1 factor
FactorValueUnitGasSourceLast changedCanonical key
Australia Safeguard Mechanism — carbon price (World Bank CPD, 1 Apr 2025)21.82USD/tCO2eWORLD_BANK_CARBON_PRICING_DASHBOARDCompliance_Gen Info!ETS_AU2 — Price on 1 April 2025carbon_pricing.aus.ets
Fuel Combustion — 18 factors
FactorValueUnitGasSourceLast changedCanonical key
NGA (Australia) Kerosene — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.248796kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Kerosene row (Scope 1 Combined 69.11 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 68.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.burning_oil.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Kerosene — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per litre)2.59163kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Kerosene row (Energy content 37.5 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 69.11 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 68.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.2)fuels.aus.burning_oil.litre
NGA (Australia) Bituminous coal — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.324864kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 4, Bituminous coal row (Scope 1 Combined 90.24 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 90 / CH4 0.04 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.coal_industrial.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Bituminous coal — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per tonne)2436.48kg CO2e per tonneCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 4, Bituminous coal row (Energy content 27 GJ/t; Scope 1 Combined 90.24 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 90.0 / CH4 0.04 / N2O 0.2)fuels.aus.coal_industrial.tonne
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.25272kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Diesel oil row (Scope 1 Combined 70.2 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.1 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.diesel_average_biofuel_blend.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per litre)2.70972kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Diesel oil row (Energy content 38.6 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 70.2 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.1 / N2O 0.2)fuels.aus.diesel_average_biofuel_blend.litre
NGA (Australia) Fuel oil — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.265824kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Fuel oil row (Scope 1 Combined 73.84 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 73.6 / CH4 0.04 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.fuel_oil.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Fuel oil — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per litre)2.93145kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Fuel oil row (Energy content 39.7 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 73.84 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 73.6 / CH4 0.04 / N2O 0.2)fuels.aus.fuel_oil.litre
NGA (Australia) Heating oil — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.251028kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Heating oil row (Scope 1 Combined 69.73 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.5 / CH4 0.03 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.gas_oil.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Heating oil — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per litre)2.60093kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Heating oil row (Energy content 37.3 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 69.73 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.5 / CH4 0.03 / N2O 0.2)fuels.aus.gas_oil.litre
NGA (Australia) Liquefied natural gas — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.185508kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 5, Liquefied natural gas row (Scope 1 Combined 51.53 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 51.4 / CH4 0.1 / N2O 0.03); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.lng.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Liquefied natural gas — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per litre)1.30371kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 5, Liquefied natural gas row (Energy content 25.3 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 51.53 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 51.4 / CH4 0.1 / N2O 0.03)fuels.aus.lng.litre
NGA (Australia) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.21816kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) row (Scope 1 Combined 60.6 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 60.2 / CH4 0.2 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.lpg.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per litre)1.55742kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) row (Energy content 25.7 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 60.6 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 60.2 / CH4 0.2 / N2O 0.2)fuels.aus.lpg.litre
NGA (Australia) Natural gas distributed in a pipeline — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.185508kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 5, Natural gas distributed in a pipeline row (Scope 1 Combined 51.53 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 51.4 / CH4 0.1 / N2O 0.03); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.natural_gas.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Natural gas distributed in a pipeline — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per m3)2.02513kg CO2e per m3CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 5, Natural gas distributed in a pipeline row (Energy content 0.0393 GJ/m3; Scope 1 Combined 51.53 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 51.4 / CH4 0.1 / N2O 0.03)fuels.aus.natural_gas.m3
NGA (Australia) Automotive gasoline/petrol — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.24408kg CO2e per kWhCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Automotive gasoline/petrol row (Scope 1 Combined 67.8 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 67.4 / CH4 0.2 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)fuels.aus.petrol_average_biofuel_blend.kwh_gcv
NGA (Australia) Automotive gasoline/petrol — Scope 1 stationary combustion (per litre)2.31876kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 8, Automotive gasoline/petrol row (Energy content 34.2 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 67.8 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 67.4 / CH4 0.2 / N2O 0.2)fuels.aus.petrol_average_biofuel_blend.litre
Grid Electricity — 1 factor
FactorValueUnitGasSourceLast changedCanonical key
Australia grid electricity — location-based (Ember 2025)0.52518kg CO2 per kWhCO₂EMBER_YEARLY_ELECTRICITY_2025yearly_full_release_long_format.csv:row=21444grid.aus.electricity.location_based
Mobile Combustion — 16 factors
FactorValueUnitGasSourceLast changedCanonical key
NGA (Australia) Kerosene for use as fuel in an aircraft — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.252756kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Kerosene for use as fuel in an aircraft (Aviation) row (Scope 1 Combined 70.21 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.6 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.6); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.aviation_turbine_fuel.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Kerosene for use as fuel in an aircraft — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)2.58373kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Kerosene for use as fuel in an aircraft (Aviation) row (Energy content 36.8 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 70.21 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.6 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.6)mobile_combustion.aus.aviation_turbine_fuel.per_litre
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.253476kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Diesel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Scope 1 Combined 70.41 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.5); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.diesel_100pct_mineral.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)2.71783kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Diesel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Energy content 38.6 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 70.41 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.5)mobile_combustion.aus.diesel_100pct_mineral.per_litre
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.253476kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Diesel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Scope 1 Combined 70.41 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.5); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.diesel_average_biofuel.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)2.71783kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Diesel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Energy content 38.6 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 70.41 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.5)mobile_combustion.aus.diesel_average_biofuel.per_litre
NGA (Australia) Fuel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.267048kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Fuel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Scope 1 Combined 74.18 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 73.6 / CH4 0.08 / N2O 0.5); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.fuel_oil.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Fuel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)2.94495kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Fuel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Energy content 39.7 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 74.18 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 73.6 / CH4 0.08 / N2O 0.5)mobile_combustion.aus.fuel_oil.per_litre
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.253476kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Diesel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Scope 1 Combined 70.41 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.5); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.gas_oil.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Diesel oil — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)2.71783kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Diesel oil (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Energy content 38.6 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 70.41 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 69.9 / CH4 0.01 / N2O 0.5)mobile_combustion.aus.gas_oil.per_litre
NGA (Australia) Liquefied petroleum gas — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.2196kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Scope 1 Combined 61 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 60.2 / CH4 0.5 / N2O 0.3); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.lpg.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Liquefied petroleum gas — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)1.5982kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Energy content 26.2 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 61.0 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 60.2 / CH4 0.5 / N2O 0.3)mobile_combustion.aus.lpg.per_litre
NGA (Australia) Gasoline — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.243432kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Gasoline (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Scope 1 Combined 67.62 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 67.4 / CH4 0.02 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.petrol_100pct_mineral.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Gasoline — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)2.3126kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Gasoline (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Energy content 34.2 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 67.62 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 67.4 / CH4 0.02 / N2O 0.2)mobile_combustion.aus.petrol_100pct_mineral.per_litre
NGA (Australia) Gasoline — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per kWh gross CV)0.243432kg CO2e per kWh (Gross CV)CO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Gasoline (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Scope 1 Combined 67.62 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 67.4 / CH4 0.02 / N2O 0.2); per kWh = Combined / 277.77778 (1 GJ = 277.77778 kWh)mobile_combustion.aus.petrol_average_biofuel.per_kwh_gross_cv
NGA (Australia) Gasoline — Scope 1 mobile combustion (per litre)2.3126kg CO2e per litreCO₂eDCCEEW_NGA_2025NGA 2025 Table 9, Gasoline (Cars and light commercial vehicles) row (Energy content 34.2 GJ/kL; Scope 1 Combined 67.62 kg CO2-e/GJ, CO2 67.4 / CH4 0.02 / N2O 0.2)mobile_combustion.aus.petrol_average_biofuel.per_litre
Transmission & Distribution — 1 factor
FactorValueUnitGasSourceLast changedCanonical key
Electricity T&D loss rate — Australia (5-yr average 2019-2023, World Bank)4.4076percent of power outputWORLD_BANK_TD_LOSSES_2024WB EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS — AUS (Australia) 2019-2023transmission_distribution.aus.loss_rate

Last changed names the data-layer edition in which a factor last took a new value, reconstructed from every released edition since v2025.13. A dash means the value has not moved since tracking began — which is the answer to "is the figure I used last year still current?".

Common questions

37 factors. They are read live from the GreenCalculus data layer on every page build rather than re-typed, so the figures here are the same ones the calculators use. The upstream publishers are World Bank Carbon Pricing Dashboard — compliance instruments (ETSs and carbon taxes): design, GHG coverage and price, per State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025, National Greenhouse Accounts Factors 2025, Ember Yearly Electricity Data (2025 release) and World Bank Open Data — Indicator EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS: Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output).

Not without checking the unit first. This group spans 8 different units of measurement, the most common being kg CO2e per litre. A factor is only meaningful against the activity data its unit describes, which is why the spread on this page is reported per unit and never blended into a single average.

None of the 37 factors here has changed value since tracking began. The Last-changed column shows a dash against every row for that reason. Change history is reconstructed from every released edition of the data layer, so a revaluation would appear there.

Every row has its own link. Click the canonical key in the last column and the address bar will hold an anchor for that one factor, so a citation resolves to the number itself rather than to a table someone has to search. Quote the data-layer edition alongside it (currently v2026.108) — values change between editions, and the version is what lets a reader resolve the exact figure you used.

Yes. This group is readable from an open endpoint with no key and no signup: https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors. Responses carry an X-GC-Version header so a consumer can detect a new edition without diffing the payload. Cite the upstream publisher for the values themselves.

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