Manure Management Emission Factors
Stored livestock manure emits two greenhouse gases: methane, as micro-organisms ferment its organic matter under the airless conditions of a lagoon, pit or heap, and nitrous oxide, from the nitrogen it contains. How much of each depends far less on the animal than on the system the manure sits in — a covered anaerobic lagoon and a field where dung is dropped and dries produce wildly different amounts from the same herd.
This page publishes the complete IPCC manure-management parameter set implemented in the GreenCalculus MasterBrain v2026.203 — 592 parameters covering the methane emission factors by animal, waste-management system and climate, the volatile-solids excretion rates, the direct nitrous-oxide factors, and the indirect volatilisation and leaching fractions. It is a subset of the IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 emission factors dataset. These factors power the GreenCalculus Manure Management calculator — see the methodology.
Quick Answer
Manure emits methane from anaerobic storage and nitrous oxide from its nitrogen. Methane is volatile solids × an emission factor, or a Tier-1 per-head figure — 31 kg CH4/head/yr for dairy cattle, 14 for pigs. The storage system is decisive.
The IPCC manure-management model
Manure management produces methane from the anaerobic decomposition of volatile solids, and nitrous oxide from the nitrogen the manure contains. Methane scales with the volatile solids excreted and a factor set by the waste-management system and climate; nitrous oxide has a direct pathway (nitrification/denitrification in storage) and two indirect pathways (volatilised and leached nitrogen).
The calculation
CH₄ = VS × EFCH4 (g CH₄/kg VS), or a per-head aggregate × population.
N₂O–Ndirect = Nex × EFAWMS; N₂O–Nindirect = Nex × (FracGasMS × EF4 + FracLeachMS × EF5). Then apply 44/28 and a GWP to the N₂O.
Read the units, and mind the double-count
Most methane factors are g CH₄ per kg volatile solids — they need the volatile-solids excretion (below) × animal mass × days. A few Tier-1 aggregates are raw kg CH₄ per head per year (dairy 31, pigs 14) — apply a biogenic-CH₄ GWP to reach CO₂e. Nitrous-oxide factors are N₂O–N (×44/28). Manure methane is a separate category from enteric fermentation (digestion) — count each once.
Manure methane emission factors
Manure stored under anaerobic conditions — lagoons, pits, digesters — produces methane as micro-organisms break down its volatile solids. The emission factor is grams of CH₄ per kilogram of volatile solids (VS), varying strongly by animal, waste-management system (AWMS) and climate. A handful of Tier-1 aggregates are given per head per year instead; those are raw CH₄ mass (apply a biogenic-CH₄ GWP). Multiply by the animal population and, for the VS-based factors, by the volatile-solids excretion (below).
Cattle & buffalo
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Cool | 9.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Temperate | 9.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Warm | 9.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — burned for fuel — All climates | 8.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Cool | 0.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Temperate | 0.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Warm | 0.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 0.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 1.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Dry | 12.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Moist | 12.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Dry | 22.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Moist | 18.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Dry | 64.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Moist | 63.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Montane | 51.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Wet | 66.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Dry | 35.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Moist | 32.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 4.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Dry | 42.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Moist | 43.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Dry | 58.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Moist | 52.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Dry | 69.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Moist | 69.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Montane | 66.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Wet | 69.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Dry | 66.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Non-dairy cattle LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Moist | 63.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure management CH4 (Tier 1 global aggregate) | 31 | kg CH4 per head per year |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, anaerobic digestion — biogas, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 3.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, anaerobic digestion — biogas, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 3.7 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, anaerobic digestion — biogas, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 3.7 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, burned for fuel (Tier 1, high productivity) | 16.1 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, daily spread, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 0.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, daily spread, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 0.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, daily spread, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 1.6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, dry lot, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 1.6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, dry lot, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 2.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, dry lot, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 3.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Boreal Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 22.5 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Boreal Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 22.5 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Cool Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 41.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Cool Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 33.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 119 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 117.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Montane climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 94.9 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Wet climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 122.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Warm Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 65.9 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Warm Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 59.5 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, solid storage, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 3.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, solid storage, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 6.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, solid storage, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Boreal Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 78.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Boreal Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 80.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Cool Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 107.7 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Cool Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 96.5 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 128.6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 128.6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Montane climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 122.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Wet climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 128.6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Warm Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 122.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Dairy cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Warm Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 117.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, anaerobic digestion — biogas, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 2.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, anaerobic digestion — biogas, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 2.7 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, anaerobic digestion — biogas, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 2.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, burned for fuel (Tier 1, high productivity) | 12.1 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, daily spread, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 0.1 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, daily spread, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 0.6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, daily spread, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 1.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, dry lot, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 1.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, dry lot, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 1.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, dry lot, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 2.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Boreal Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 16.9 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Boreal Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 16.9 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Cool Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 31.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Cool Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 25.3 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 89.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 88 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Montane climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 71.2 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Tropical Wet climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 91.7 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Warm Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 49.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, liquid/slurry, pit storage > 1 month, Warm Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 44.6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, solid storage, Cool climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 2.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, solid storage, Temperate climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 4.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, solid storage, Warm climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 6 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Boreal Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 59.1 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Boreal Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 60.3 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Cool Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 80.8 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Cool Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 72.4 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 96.5 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 96.5 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Montane climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 91.7 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Tropical Wet climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 96.5 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Warm Temperate Dry climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 91.7 | g CH4 per kg VS |
| Other cattle — manure CH4, uncovered anaerobic lagoon, Warm Temperate Moist climate (Tier 1, high productivity) | 88 | g CH4 per kg VS |
Swine
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Pigs — manure management CH4 (Tier 1 global aggregate) | 14 | kg CH4 per head per year |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Cool | 6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Temperate | 6.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Warm | 7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — burned for fuel — All climates | 30.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Cool | 0.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Temperate | 1.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Warm | 3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 4.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Dry | 42.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Moist | 42.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Dry | 78.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Moist | 63.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Dry | 223.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Moist | 220.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Montane | 177.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Wet | 229.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Dry | 123.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Moist | 111.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Boreal Dry | 12.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Boreal Moist | 12.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Cool Temperate Dry | 24.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Cool Temperate Moist | 18.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Dry | 126.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Moist | 108.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Montane | 75.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Wet | 114.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Warm Temperate Dry | 45.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Warm Temperate Moist | 39.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 12.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 15.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Dry | 147.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Moist | 150.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Dry | 202 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Moist | 180.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Dry | 241.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Moist | 241.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Montane | 229.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Wet | 241.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Dry | 229.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Moist | 220.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Cool | 20.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Temperate | 21.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Warm | 21.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — burned for fuel — All climates | 19.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Cool | 0.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Temperate | 1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — daily spread — Warm | 1.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 1.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 2.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 3.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Dry | 27.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Moist | 27.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Dry | 50.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Moist | 40.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Dry | 143.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Moist | 141.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Montane | 114.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Wet | 147.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Dry | 79.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Moist | 71.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Boreal Dry | 7.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Boreal Moist | 7.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Cool Temperate Dry | 15.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Cool Temperate Moist | 11.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Dry | 81.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Moist | 69.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Montane | 48.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Tropical Wet | 73.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Warm Temperate Dry | 29.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit lt 1mo — Warm Temperate Moist | 25.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 3.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 7.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 9.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Dry | 95.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Moist | 97.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Dry | 130.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Moist | 116.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Dry | 155.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Moist | 155.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Montane | 147.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Wet | 155.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Dry | 147.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Growing and Breeding Swine LP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Moist | 141.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
Poultry
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Ostrich — manure CH4 (per head per year, source-native) | 5.67 | kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Cool | 5.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Temperate | 10.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — anaerobic digestion biogas — Warm | 13.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — burned for fuel — All climates | 2.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 2.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 3.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 5.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Dry | 36.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Boreal Moist | 36.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Dry | 67.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Cool Temperate Moist | 54.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Dry | 193.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Moist | 190.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Montane | 154.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Tropical Wet | 198.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Dry | 107.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — liquid slurry pit gt 1mo — Warm Temperate Moist | 96.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 5.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 10.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 13.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Dry | 128 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Boreal Moist | 130.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Dry | 175.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Cool Temperate Moist | 156.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Dry | 209 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Moist | 209 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Montane | 198.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Tropical Wet | 209 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Dry | 198.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry HP — manure CH4 — uncovered anaerobic lagoon — Warm Temperate Moist | 190.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Poultry LP — manure CH4 — All Systems (climate-invariant) | 2.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
Other livestock
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| All animals — Pasture Range and Paddock — manure CH4 (climate-invariant) | 0.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 2.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 0 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 8.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 1.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 2.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 2.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 2.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 5.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Camels LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Deer — manure CH4 (per head per year, source-native) | 0.22 | kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 |
| Fur-bearing animals (e.g., fox, mink) — manure CH4 (per head per year, source-native) | 0.68 | kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 |
| Goats HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 1.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 1.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 2.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 2.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 4.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 0.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 1.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Goats LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 4.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 10.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 2.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Horses LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 8.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 2.2 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 3.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 4.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 4.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 8.8 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 11.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 2.6 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Mules / Asses LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 8.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Rabbits — manure CH4 (per head per year, source-native) | 0.08 | kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 |
| Reindeer — manure CH4 (per head per year, source-native) | 0.36 | kg CH4 head-1 yr-1 |
| Sheep HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 1.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 1.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep HP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 2.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 2.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 5.1 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep HP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 6.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Cool | 0.9 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Temperate | 1.3 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep LP — manure CH4 — dry lot — Warm | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Cool | 1.7 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Temperate | 3.5 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
| Sheep LP — manure CH4 — solid storage — Warm | 4.4 | g CH4 kg-1 VS |
Volatile solids excretion (VS)
Volatile solids are the organic (combustible) fraction of manure — the material that converts to methane. The excretion rate, in kilograms of VS per 1,000 kg of animal mass per day, is the activity driver for the VS-based methane factors, tabulated by animal and region.
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Buffalo — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 12.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Buffalo — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 13.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Buffalo — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 6.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Buffalo — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 15.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Buffalo — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 11.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Buffalo — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 9.8 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Buffalo — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Camels — Global default — volatile solid excretion rate | 11.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 12.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 11.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 12.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 14.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 13.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 14.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 14.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 15.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken (broilers + layers) — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 12.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 15.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 15.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 16 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 17.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 15.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 17.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 16.8 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 18.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — broilers — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 16.1 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 10.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 9.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 9.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 13.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 10.1 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 9.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — laying hens — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 12 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 13.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 6.8 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 6.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Chicken — pullets — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 18.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 6.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 14.1 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 10.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 9.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Dairy cattle — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Ducks — Global default — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Goats — All other (developing) — volatile solid excretion rate | 10.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Goats — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Goats — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Goats — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Goats — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Horses — All other (developing) — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Horses — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.65 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Horses — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.65 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Horses — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.65 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Horses — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.65 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Mules and asses — Global default — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 12.1 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 9.8 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 12.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 12.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Other cattle — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Sheep — All other (developing) — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Sheep — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Sheep — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Sheep — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Sheep — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.8 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 7.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 4.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 3.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine (market) — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 4.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 4.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 3.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 4.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 2.7 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 2.5 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 1.8 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 2.1 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — breeding — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 2.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Africa — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.2 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Asia — volatile solid excretion rate | 6.8 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Eastern Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 4.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Indian subcontinent — volatile solid excretion rate | 8.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Latin America — volatile solid excretion rate | 6.4 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Middle East — volatile solid excretion rate | 4.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — North America — volatile solid excretion rate | 3.9 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Oceania — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.6 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Swine — finishing — Western Europe — volatile solid excretion rate | 5.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
| Turkeys — Global default — volatile solid excretion rate | 10.3 | kg VS per 1000 kg animal mass per day |
Direct N₂O emission factors
Nitrogen in stored manure is partly converted to nitrous oxide directly, at a rate that depends on the waste-management system — highest for solid storage and composting, lowest for liquid systems and digesters. Values are kg N₂O–N per kg of nitrogen excreted (multiply by 44/28, then a GWP).
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Aerobic treatment — forced aeration — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.005 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Aerobic treatment — natural aeration — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.01 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Anaerobic digester — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.0006 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Cattle and swine deep bedding — active mixing — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.07 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Cattle and swine deep bedding — no mixing — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.01 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Composting — in-vessel — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.006 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Composting — intensive windrow (frequent turning) — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.005 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Composting — passive windrow (infrequent turning) — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.005 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Composting — static pile (forced aeration) — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.01 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Daily spread — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Dry lot — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.02 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Liquid/slurry — with cover — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.005 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Liquid/slurry — with natural crust cover — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.005 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Liquid/slurry — without natural crust cover — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Pit storage below animal confinements — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.002 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Poultry manure with litter — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.001 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Poultry manure without litter — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.001 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Solid storage — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.01 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Solid storage — additives — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.005 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Solid storage — bulking agent addition — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.005 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Solid storage — covered/compacted — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0.01 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
| Uncovered anaerobic lagoon — direct N2O from manure management (Tier 1) | 0 | kg N2O-N per kg nitrogen excreted |
Indirect N₂O fractions
Nitrogen that volatilises as ammonia and nitrogen oxides (FracGasMS) or leaches and runs off (FracLeachMS) during manure management drives indirect N₂O off-site. These fractions are given by animal and waste-management system.
Volatilisation fraction (FracGasMS)
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0.85 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Anaerobic digester (high endpoint) | 0.5 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Anaerobic digester (low endpoint) | 0.05 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Burned for fuel or as waste | 0.25 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — In-Vessel | 0.45 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.5 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.45 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — Static Pile | 0.5 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Daily spread | 0.07 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Dry lot | 0.3 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0.3 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0.1 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0.48 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0.28 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage — Additives | 0.11 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.38 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0.14 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage (plain) | 0.3 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Dairy Cow, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0.35 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0.27 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Anaerobic digester (high endpoint) | 0.5 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Anaerobic digester (low endpoint) | 0.05 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Composting — In-Vessel | 0.18 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.2 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.18 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Composting — Static Pile | 0.2 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Daily spread | 0.07 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Dry lot | 0.3 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0.09 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0.03 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0.15 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0.25 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Solid storage — Additives | 0.04 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.15 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0.05 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Solid storage (plain) | 0.12 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other animals, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0.35 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0.85 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Anaerobic digester (high endpoint) | 0.5 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Anaerobic digester (low endpoint) | 0.05 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Burned for fuel or as waste | 0.25 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — In-Vessel | 0.6 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.65 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.6 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — Static Pile | 0.65 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Daily spread | 0.07 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Dry lot | 0.3 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0.3 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0.1 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0.48 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0.25 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage — Additives | 0.17 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.58 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0.22 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage (plain) | 0.45 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Other Cattle, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0.35 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Anaerobic digester (high endpoint) | 0.5 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Anaerobic digester (low endpoint) | 0.05 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Composting — In-Vessel | 0.6 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.65 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.6 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Composting — Static Pile | 0.65 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Daily spread | 0.07 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0.08 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0.4 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0.28 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Poultry manure with litter | 0.4 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Poultry manure without litter | 0.48 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Solid storage — Additives | 0.16 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.54 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0.2 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Solid storage (plain) | 0.4 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Poultry, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0.4 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0.85 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Anaerobic digester (high endpoint) | 0.5 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Anaerobic digester (low endpoint) | 0.05 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Burned for fuel or as waste | 0.4 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Composting — In-Vessel | 0.6 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.65 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.6 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Composting — Static Pile | 0.65 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Daily spread | 0.07 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Dry lot | 0.45 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0.3 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0.1 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0.48 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0.25 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Solid storage — Additives | 0.17 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.58 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0.22 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Solid storage (plain) | 0.45 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
| FracGas_MS — Swine, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0.4 | kg N volatilised as NH3+NOx per kg N excreted |
Leaching fraction (FracLeachMS)
| Parameter | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Anaerobic digester | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Burned for fuel or as waste | 0.035 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — In-Vessel | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.04 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Composting — Static Pile | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Daily spread | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Dry lot | 0.035 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage — Additives | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Solid storage (plain) | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Dairy Cow, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Anaerobic digester | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Composting — In-Vessel | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.04 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Composting — Static Pile | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Daily spread | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Dry lot | 0.035 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Solid storage — Additives | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Solid storage (plain) | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other animals, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Anaerobic digester | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Burned for fuel or as waste | 0.035 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — In-Vessel | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.04 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Composting — Static Pile | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Daily spread | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Dry lot | 0.035 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage — Additives | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Solid storage (plain) | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Other Cattle, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Anaerobic digester | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Composting — In-Vessel | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.04 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Composting — Static Pile | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Daily spread | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Poultry manure with litter | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Poultry manure without litter | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Solid storage — Additives | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Solid storage (plain) | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Poultry, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Aerobic treatment — Forced aeration systems | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Anaerobic digester | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Burned for fuel or as waste | 0.035 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Composting — In-Vessel | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Composting — Intensive Windrow | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Composting — Passive Windrow | 0.04 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Composting — Static Pile | 0.06 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Daily spread | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Dry lot | 0.035 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Liquid/Slurry — with natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Liquid/Slurry — with cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Liquid/Slurry — without natural crust cover | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Pit storage below animal confinements | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Solid storage — Additives | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Solid storage — Bulking agent addition | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Solid storage — Covered/compacted | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Solid storage (plain) | 0.02 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
| Frac_leach_MS — Swine, Uncovered anaerobic lagoon | 0 | kg N leached/runoff per kg N excreted |
Application — formula & worked example
The calculation
CH₄ (kg) = EFhead × N (per-head aggregate), then CO₂e = CH₄ × GWPCH4; add manure N₂O = Nex × (direct + indirect) × 44/28 × GWPN2O.
Methane from a dairy herd. One hundred dairy cattle at the Tier-1 per-head aggregate (31 kg CH₄/head/yr): CH₄ = 31 × 100 = 3,100 kg → at AR6 biogenic GWP (27.9) 86.5 t CO₂e per year. The aggregate assumes a typical mix of systems; a herd whose manure sits in a warm anaerobic lagoon emits several times more per head than one where dung is dropped on pasture, which is why the VS-based factors and the waste-management system matter for anything beyond a screening estimate.
The system is the lever. Using the volatile-solids route — VS excretion × animal mass × days × the g CH₄/kg VS factor for the actual system — a switch from an uncovered anaerobic lagoon to daily spread or a covered digester with flare can cut manure methane by the large majority, the headline mitigation for intensive livestock. Solid storage and composting, meanwhile, raise the direct N₂O, so the trade-off must be netted across both gases.
Framework requirements
Manure-management emissions are a Scope 1 agricultural emission for a livestock operation, and the Manure Management line in national inventories.
| Framework | Role | Basis |
|---|---|---|
| IPCC 2006 National Inventories | Agriculture — Manure Management (CRF 3A2) | These ARE the Tier-1 methods |
| IPCC 2019 Refinement | Updated manure CH₄ & N₂O defaults | Refines the 2006 manure method |
| GHG Protocol Corporate Standard | Scope 1 (livestock operations) | IPCC methods; GWP per latest assessment |
Common reporting errors
- Reading the per-head aggregate as CO₂e. The Tier-1 per-head factors (dairy 31, pigs 14 kg CH₄/head/yr) are raw methane mass — apply a biogenic-CH₄ GWP to get CO₂e.
- Using a VS-based factor without the volatile solids. The g CH₄/kg VS factors need the volatile-solids excretion × animal mass × days — don’t apply them per head.
- Ignoring the waste-management system. The AWMS is the dominant driver — lagoons and liquid systems emit far more methane than pasture or daily spread; pick the factor for the actual system.
- Counting methane but not nitrous oxide. Manure emits both; include the direct N₂O and the indirect N₂O from volatilisation and leaching.
- Forgetting the 44/28 on N₂O. The nitrous-oxide factors are N₂O–N (nitrogen); convert to N₂O before applying the GWP.
- Double-counting with enteric fermentation. Enteric methane (from digestion) and manure methane (from storage) are separate categories from the same animal — count each once.
- Applying a fossil-methane GWP. Manure methane is biogenic — use the biogenic CH₄ GWP (AR6 = 27.9), not the fossil value.
- Missing the CH₄–N₂O trade-off. Moving manure from a lagoon to solid storage cuts methane but can raise direct N₂O — net both gases before claiming a reduction.
Methodology, boundaries & uncertainty
What this dataset is. The IPCC manure-management parameter set — methane emission factors by animal, waste-management system and climate (VS-based, plus Tier-1 per-head aggregates), volatile-solids excretion rates, direct nitrous-oxide factors by system, and indirect volatilisation and leaching fractions — from IPCC 2006 Guidelines Vol.4 Ch.10 (Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management), as implemented in the GreenCalculus MasterBrain. Part of the IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 dataset.
Boundary. Methane and nitrous oxide from the management and storage of manure, reported in Scope 1. Excludes enteric fermentation (see the enteric dataset) and the managed-soils N₂O from manure applied to land (see the agricultural-soils dataset). Nitrogen-excretion and animal-mass parameters that feed these factors are in the enteric dataset.
Rounding policy. Values are reproduced at IPCC precision. Methane factors are grams CH₄ per kg volatile solids (or kg CH₄ per head per year for the aggregates); VS excretion is kg VS per 1,000 kg animal mass per day; N₂O factors are kg N₂O–N per kg N excreted; fractions are dimensionless.
Uncertainty. Manure factors carry wide uncertainty — methane conversion varies strongly with temperature and retention time, and the AWMS split within a herd is often poorly known. Tier-1 defaults suit national and screening estimates; system-specific or measured (Tier-2) factors are expected where manure is a key category.
Applicability. Animal-, system- and climate-specific defaults; match the waste-management system and climate, and use the VS-based route with measured populations where accuracy matters.
Implementation & provenance chain
- Primary source — IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4 (AFOLU), Chapter 10 (Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management), Tables 10.13A–10.22, with 2019 Refinement updates.
- MasterBrain — each parameter is curated under a stable
afolu.manure_ch4.*,afolu.manure_n2o.*,afolu.manure.*orafolu.vs.*key with its source reference and GHG scope/category; current version v2026.203 (2026-09-22). - REST & CSV — the
/afolu-manure-factorsendpoint projects these rows as JSON; the CSV button below serves the identical set. - Calculators — GreenCalculus agriculture tools read the same keys, so a published inventory and this page cannot diverge.
- Update plan — static reference; revalued on a new IPCC refinement to the AFOLU manure method. Logged in the version history and bumps the dataset version.
Data access — REST API & CSV
The full 592-row dataset is available as a machine-readable REST endpoint and as a flat CSV download — the same rows shown above, versioned and citable.
JSON — REST API
All 592 manure-management parameters with keys, values, units, gas, GHG scope/category and source references.
Cache-Control: max-age=3600; X-GC-Version header signals dataset updates. /wp-json/greencalculus/v1/afolu-manure-factors
CSV — flat dataset
Flat CSV of all 592 rows (key, name, value, unit, gas, GHG scope/category, source, note) — ready for spreadsheet import.
Click to generate ↓
Citation guidance
Cite the IPCC primary source. These factors are a subset of the GreenCalculus IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 dataset, which holds the citable DOI — cite the parent dataset, not a separate manure DOI.
IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, Chapter 10 (Emissions from Livestock and Manure Management), with the 2019 Refinement. Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, IGES, Japan.
IPCC 2006 Guidelines Vol.4 primary citation
Say, Jeremiah (2026). IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 emission factors (machine-readable). GreenCalculus. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20621658
Parent dataset DOI — includes the manure-management subset
Browse the full IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 emission factors dataset, of which this page is a part.
Frequently asked questions
Because it contains both carbon-rich organic matter and nitrogen. Under the airless conditions of a lagoon, pit or heap, micro-organisms ferment the organic matter (the volatile solids) into methane; separately, the nitrogen in the manure is partly converted through nitrification and denitrification into nitrous oxide. Both are counted under manure management, and which dominates depends on the storage system.
They come from the same animal but different processes and are counted as separate categories. Enteric methane is produced during digestion and belched out; manure methane is produced later, from the animal’s stored dung and urine. A dairy cow’s enteric emission is far larger than its manure emission, but both must be included — and never double-counted. See the enteric fermentation dataset.
Volatile solids (VS) are the organic, combustible fraction of manure — the part that micro-organisms can break down into methane. The IPCC gives a VS excretion rate per unit of animal mass, and the methane emission factor is expressed per kilogram of volatile solids, so the two combine (VS rate × animal mass × days × emission factor) to give the methane from a given herd and storage system.
Because it sets how much of the manure’s methane potential is actually realised. Warm, wet, anaerobic systems — uncovered lagoons, deep pits — convert a large share of the volatile solids to methane; dry, aerobic conditions — pasture, daily spread, solid storage — convert far less. The same herd can emit several times more or less methane depending only on how its manure is stored, which is why system choice is the main mitigation lever.
Use the Tier-1 per-head aggregate (e.g. 31 kg CH₄/head/yr for dairy cattle) for a quick screening estimate where you only know animal numbers and assume a typical system mix. Use the VS-based factor — volatile-solids excretion times the emission factor for the actual waste-management system and climate — when you know how the manure is stored and want an accurate, mitigation-sensitive figure.
Direct N₂O is emitted from the manure during storage, at a rate set by the waste-management system (highest for solid storage and composting). Indirect N₂O comes from nitrogen that leaves the store — volatilised as ammonia and nitrogen oxides (the FracGasMS fraction) or leached and run off (FracLeachMS) — and is later converted to N₂O off-site. A complete estimate includes both.
Apply the biogenic methane GWP (AR6 = 27.9) to the CH₄ and the nitrous-oxide GWP (AR6 = 273) to the N₂O, after converting N₂O–N to N₂O with 44/28. Disclose whether you used AR5 or AR6 and keep it consistent across the inventory. See the IPCC AR6 GWP values dataset.
No — it is a subset. The manure-management factors here are part of the GreenCalculus IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 emission factors dataset, which carries the single citable Zenodo DOI. This page presents the manure portion in full with its own machine-readable endpoint and CSV, but for citation you reference the parent AFOLU dataset DOI, not a separate manure DOI.
Version history
| Version | Date | MasterBrain | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | 2026-07-21 | v2026.59 | Initial publication. Complete IPCC 2006 Vol.4 Ch.10 manure-management parameter set (592 parameters): methane emission factors by animal, waste-management system and climate (VS-based + Tier-1 per-head aggregates), volatile-solids excretion rates, direct N₂O factors and indirect volatilisation/leaching fractions. Formula, worked example, framework mapping, 8-item FAQ, REST + CSV access. Subset of the IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 dataset. |
Explore the full AFOLU dataset
Manure management is one part of the IPCC AFOLU Tier-1 emission factors — the parent dataset also covers enteric fermentation, agricultural soils, rice cultivation, land-use change, forest land and biomass burning, all with machine-readable access and the citable DOI.