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Last reviewed August 2026
Authored by Jeremiah Say

Lead Systems Architect at GreenCalculus. Translates GHG Protocol methodology into high-precision JavaScript calculation engines. Architect of the MasterBrain data layer covering 1,000+ environmental tools, aligned with IPCC AR6 and the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard (2026 revision).

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Oil & Gas Methane Emission Factors

33 emission factors held in the GreenCalculus MasterBrain, drawn from IPCC 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines Vol 2 Ch 4. Values are read live from the data layer on every page build, so nothing here is re-typed and nothing can drift from the figures the calculators use. They span 16 units of measurement — 6 of them in tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumption — which is why the spread below is reported per unit and never blended. The count includes 4 fugitive coal-mine methane factors, a family too small to warrant a page of its own and published nowhere else.

Where these factors are used

Oil and Gas Methane sets out how factors in this group are applied, and Oil & Gas Methane Calculator draws on them directly. Each value below names the upstream source it came from.

What this group contains

What this group contains
MeasureValue
Factors33
Publishers1
Distinct units17
Data versionMB v2026.110 · updated 2026-08-08
Spread of values, by unit — computed from the 33 factors in this group
UnitFactorsLowestMedianHighest
tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumption60.290.983.36
tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas production51.952.944.09

Figures are computed per unit and never blended: a median across different units would be arithmetically valid and physically meaningless. 15 further units in this group have fewer than 3 factors and are counted above but not described.

What has changed

Sources, citation & machine access

Where these factors come from
SourcePublisherYearLicence
IPCC 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines Vol 2 Ch 4IPCC2019CC BY 4.0

Cite the upstream publisher for the values themselves. The reference below credits this compilation and, more usefully, pins the edition you read.

Say, Jeremiah (2026). Oil & Gas Methane Emission Factors (MasterBrain v2026.110). GreenCalculus. https://greencalculus.com/factors/oil-gas-methane-factors/

Cite this factor group

Values change between editions. Quoting the MasterBrain version is what lets a reader resolve the exact number you used — see the change record above for factors in this group that have moved.

For a reference manager — BibTeX, then RIS:

@misc{greencalculus_oil_gas_2026,
  author       = {Say, Jeremiah},
  title        = {Oil & Gas Methane Emission Factors},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {GreenCalculus},
  note         = {MasterBrain v2026.110},
  url          = {https://greencalculus.com/factors/oil-gas-methane-factors/}
}
TY  - DATA
AU  - Say, Jeremiah
TI  - Oil & Gas Methane Emission Factors
PY  - 2026
PB  - GreenCalculus
ET  - MasterBrain v2026.110
UR  - https://greencalculus.com/factors/oil-gas-methane-factors/
ER  - 

Every factor on this page is readable from the open endpoint. No key, no signup:

https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/oil_gas
curl -s "https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/oil_gas?limit=500"
import requests
rows = requests.get("https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/oil_gas", params={"limit": 500}).json()["factors"]
print(len(rows), "factors in oil_gas")

Or the same rows as a spreadsheet — every factor with its source, the edition it last changed in, and its own link:

https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors-export?page=oil-gas-methane-factors

Download this table as CSV

Both responses carry an X-GC-Version header, so a consumer can detect a new edition without diffing the payload. The CSV filename carries the edition too, so two downloads months apart do not collide.

All factors

Fugitive Coal Methane — 4 factors
FactorValueUnitBasisGasSourceLast changedCanonical key
Post-mining CMM — surface-source coal (Tier 1)1.876kg CO2e per tonne coal handledGWP-100CO₂eIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Eq 4.1.8 (p. 4.26); CH4 0.1 m3/t Average x density 0.67 kg/m3. No CO2 component published for this category.fugitive_coal_methane.cmm.post_mining_surface
Post-mining CMM — underground-source coal (Tier 1)46.9kg CO2e per tonne coal handledGWP-100CO₂eIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Eq 4.1.4 (p. 4.20); CH4 2.5 m3/t Average x density 0.67 kg/m3. No CO2 component published for this category.fugitive_coal_methane.cmm.post_mining_underground
Coal mine methane — surface mining (Tier 1 global average)23.32kg CO2e per tonne coal minedGWP-100CO₂eIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Eqs 4.1.7 + 4.1.7a (p. 4.25); CH4 1.2 + CO2 0.44 m3/t Average x density 0.67/1.84 kg/m3fugitive_coal_methane.cmm.surface_mining
Coal mine methane — underground mining (Tier 1 global average)348.54kg CO2e per tonne coal minedGWP-100CO₂eIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Eqs 4.1.3 + 4.1.3a (pp. 4.18-4.19); CH4 18 + CO2 5.9 m3/t Average x density 0.67/1.84 kg/m3fugitive_coal_methane.cmm.underground_mining
Oil & Gas Methane — 29 factors
FactorValueUnitBasisGasSourceLast changedCanonical key
Flaring destruction efficiency — production & processing facilities0.98dimensionless coefficientIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Eq 4.2.7/4.2.8 parameter FE (p. 4.46); also p. 4.21 "0.98 combustion efficiency of flared gas"oil_gas.flaring.efficiency.production_processing
Flaring destruction efficiency — refineries0.995dimensionless coefficientIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Eq 4.2.7/4.2.8 parameter FE (p. 4.46) "a value of 0.995 is assumed for flares at refineries"oil_gas.flaring.efficiency.refinery
Natural gas default composition (IPCC pipeline/appliance basis)0.9CH4 mole/volume fractiondefault natural gas composition (user-overridable)CH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 pp. 4.80/4.82 default assumption: CH4 90%, CO2 0.9%, NMVOC 2.8%, density 0.72 kg/m3 (Bender & Langer 2012 basis)oil_gas.gas_composition.default
Gas distribution — >50% plastic pipe, leak detection & repair in use (Tier 1 CH4)0.62tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumptionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4j (p. 4.79) gas distribution >50% plastic / LDARoil_gas.throughput.gas_distribution.extensive_ldar
Gas distribution — <50% plastic pipe, limited/no leak detection & repair (Tier 1 CH4)2.92tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumptionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4j (p. 4.79) gas distribution <50% plastic / limited LDARoil_gas.throughput.gas_distribution.limited_ldar
Gas distribution — town gas distribution (Tier 1 CH4)0.58tonnes CH4 per km pipelineIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4j (p. 4.79) gas distribution town gas distributionoil_gas.throughput.gas_distribution.town_gas
Gas processing — extensive LDAR, ~50%+ centrifugal dry seals (Tier 1 CH4)0.75tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas processedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4h (p. 4.73) gas processing extensive LDAR + disaggregation Table 4A.2.6 (p. 4.133)oil_gas.throughput.gas_processing.extensive_ldar
Gas processing — limited/no LDAR, <50% centrifugal dry seals (Tier 1 CH4)1.83tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas processedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4h (p. 4.73) gas processing limited LDAR + disaggregation Table 4A.2.6 (p. 4.133)oil_gas.throughput.gas_processing.limited_ldar
Gas processing — sour gas (acid gas removal) (Tier 1 CH4)0.1tonnes CH4 per million m3 sour gas processedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4h (p. 4.73) gas processing sour gas acid removal + disaggregation Table 4A.2.6 (p. 4.133)oil_gas.throughput.gas_processing.sour_gas_acid_removal
Natural gas production — onshore coal bed methane (Tier 1 CH4)1.95tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4g (p. 4.70) natural gas production onshore coal bed methane + disaggregation Table 4A.2.5 (p. 4.132)oil_gas.throughput.gas_production.coal_bed_methane
Natural gas production — gathering (Tier 1 CH4)3.2tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4g (p. 4.70) natural gas production gatheringoil_gas.throughput.gas_production.gathering
Natural gas production — offshore (Tier 1 CH4)2.94tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4g (p. 4.70) natural gas production offshore + disaggregation Table 4A.2.5 (p. 4.132)oil_gas.throughput.gas_production.offshore
Natural gas production — onshore, higher-emitting technologies (Tier 1 CH4)4.09tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4g (p. 4.70) natural gas production onshore higher-emitting + disaggregation Table 4A.2.5 (p. 4.132)oil_gas.throughput.gas_production.onshore_high_emitting
Natural gas production — onshore, lower-emitting technologies (Tier 1 CH4)2.54tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4g (p. 4.70) natural gas production onshore lower-emitting + disaggregation Table 4A.2.5 (p. 4.132)oil_gas.throughput.gas_production.onshore_low_emitting
Gas storage — extensive LDAR, lower-emitting (Tier 1 CH4)0.29tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumptionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4i (p. 4.76) gas transmission and storage storage extensive LDAR + disaggregation Table 4A.2.7 (p. 4.134)oil_gas.throughput.gas_storage.extensive_ldar
Gas storage — limited LDAR, higher-emitting (Tier 1 CH4)0.67tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumptionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4i (p. 4.76) gas transmission and storage storage limited LDAR + disaggregation Table 4A.2.7 (p. 4.134)oil_gas.throughput.gas_storage.limited_ldar
Gas transmission — extensive LDAR, ~50%+ centrifugal dry seals (Tier 1 CH4)1.29tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumptionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4i (p. 4.76) gas transmission and storage transmission extensive LDAR + disaggregation Table 4A.2.7 (p. 4.134)oil_gas.throughput.gas_transmission.extensive_ldar
Gas transmission — limited LDAR, <50% centrifugal dry seals (Tier 1 CH4)3.36tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumptionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4i (p. 4.76) gas transmission and storage transmission limited LDAR + disaggregation Table 4A.2.7 (p. 4.134)oil_gas.throughput.gas_transmission.limited_ldar
Gas transmission — LNG import/export terminal (Tier 1 CH4)1660tonnes CH4 per stationIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4i (p. 4.76) gas transmission and storage LNG import/exportoil_gas.throughput.gas_transmission.lng_import_export
Oil production — offshore (Tier 1 CH4)2.46tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 offshore oil productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4a (p. 4.54) oil production offshoreoil_gas.throughput.oil_production.offshore
Oil production — oil sands mining & ore processing (Tier 1 CH4)0.74tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 crude bitumen (surface mining)IPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4a (p. 4.54) oil production oil sands mining and ore processing + disaggregation Table 4A.2.2 (p. 4.129)oil_gas.throughput.oil_production.oil_sands_mining
Oil production — oil sands upgrading (Tier 1 CH4)0.13tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 synthetic crudeIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4a (p. 4.54) oil production oil sands upgradingoil_gas.throughput.oil_production.oil_sands_upgrading
Oil production — onshore, higher-emitting technologies (Tier 1 CH4)3.43tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 oil productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4a (p. 4.54) oil production onshore higher-emitting + disaggregation Table 4A.2.2 (p. 4.129)oil_gas.throughput.oil_production.onshore_high_emitting
Oil production — onshore, lower-emitting technologies (Tier 1 CH4)2.91tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 oil productionIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4a (p. 4.54) oil production onshore lower-emitting + disaggregation Table 4A.2.2 (p. 4.129)oil_gas.throughput.oil_production.onshore_low_emitting
Oil transport — offshore loading onto tanker ships, no VRU (Tier 1 CH4)0.065tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 loadedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4b (p. 4.57) oil transport offshore loading without VRUoil_gas.throughput.oil_transport.offshore_loading_no_vru
Oil transport — offshore loading onto tanker ships, with VRU (Tier 1 CH4)0.04tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 loadedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4b (p. 4.57) oil transport offshore loading with vapour recovery unitoil_gas.throughput.oil_transport.offshore_loading_with_vru
Oil transport — pipelines (Tier 1 CH4)0.0054tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 transportedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4b (p. 4.57) oil transport pipelinesoil_gas.throughput.oil_transport.pipelines
Oil transport — tanker trucks and rail cars (Tier 1 CH4)0.025tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 transportedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4b (p. 4.57) oil transport tanker trucks and rail carsoil_gas.throughput.oil_transport.tanker_truck_rail
Oil transport — tanks (Tier 1 CH4)0.002tonnes CH4 per thousand m3 crude oil fedIPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EFCH₄_fossilIPCC_2019_REFINEMENT_v1Vol 2 Ch 4 Table 4.2.4b (p. 4.57) oil transport tanksoil_gas.throughput.oil_transport.tanks

Last changed names the data-layer edition in which a factor last took a new value, reconstructed from every released edition since v2025.13. A dash means the value has not moved since tracking began — which is the answer to "is the figure I used last year still current?".

Common questions

33 factors. They are read live from the GreenCalculus data layer on every page build rather than re-typed, so the figures here are the same ones the calculators use. The upstream publisher is IPCC 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines Vol 2 Ch 4.

Not without checking the unit first. This group spans 16 different units of measurement, the most common being tonnes CH4 per million m3 gas consumption. A factor is only meaningful against the activity data its unit describes, which is why the spread on this page is reported per unit and never blended into a single average.

It names the measurement convention a factor is expressed on — GWP-100, dimensionless coefficient, default natural gas composition (user-overridable), IPCC 2019 Refinement Tier 1 gas-mass EF here. Applying a factor on one basis to activity data collected on another is the most common way these numbers produce a wrong answer, and it is silent: the arithmetic still works. Check the basis matches your meter or invoice before using a value.

None of the 33 factors here has changed value since tracking began. The Last-changed column shows a dash against every row for that reason. Change history is reconstructed from every released edition of the data layer, so a revaluation would appear there.

Every row has its own link. Click the canonical key in the last column and the address bar will hold an anchor for that one factor, so a citation resolves to the number itself rather than to a table someone has to search. Quote the data-layer edition alongside it (currently v2026.108) — values change between editions, and the version is what lets a reader resolve the exact figure you used.

Yes. This group is readable from an open endpoint with no key and no signup: https://greencalculus.com/wp-json/greencalculus/v1/factors/oil_gas. Responses carry an X-GC-Version header so a consumer can detect a new edition without diffing the payload. Cite the upstream publisher for the values themselves.

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